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![]() The tunica albuginea, fibrous capsule, covers each testis. The rete testis at the mediastinum of the testis connects to the head of epididymis, which is opposed to the testis posteriorly. Each adult testis weights 12 to 19 g, 4.5x 2.5x 3 cm in dimension and is suspended in the scrotum by a spermatic cord. They produce male reproductive cells, spermatozoa, and androgens, the male hormones. Testes or testicles appear as a pair of oval-shaped complex organs enclosed in the scrotum and based behind the penis and in front of the anus. This book chapter is very useful for the biologists and physicians working in Assisted reproduction field to understand the physiology and pathology of spermatogenesis. Here, we describe step by step the structure of the testis seminiferous tubule and what occurs inside these tubules like cell communication and germ cell development from spermatogonia until spermatozoon. This chapter points to grant a summarized description of individual components of the male reproductive system: the seminiferous tubule and spermatogenesis. In the human reproduction, sperm cells are considered as a delivery vehicle for the male genetic material packed in chromosomes, which are composed of nearly 2-meter Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule and their packaging proteins. These abnormalities get transferred to the Offspring, which affects the normal and even the artificial conception. Numerical or structural chromosomal abnormalities are considered as genetic abnormalities that occur during the meiotic division in spermatogenesis. But, in almost 75% of male infertility cases are idiopathic with predominance of the genetic abnormalities. The causes of infertility were divided to non-obstructive and obstructive. Fertility complications affect seven percent of the male. ![]() The definition of infertility according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) is the inability of a healthy couple to achieve a conception after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. One of the major concerns of the world health community is the infertility. ![]()
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